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Heart Failure
Heart Failure
Heart failure refers to a condition in which the heart does not pump efficiently, and consequently, it is unable to circulate enough blood to meet the needs of the body. Inefficient pumping also causes the blood returning to the heart to back up in the veins, which can cause an accumulation of fluid in the tissues and lungs. Because many of these symptoms of heart failure are caused by the congestion of the tissues and lungs with fluid, it is frequently called congestive heart failure.
The most common causes of heart failure in the U.S. are:
Coronary artery disease – The narrowing of the arteries due to plaque buildup.
Cardiomyopathy – A disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to lose its pumping efficiency.
High blood pressure
Disease of the heart valves
The most frequently reported symptoms of heart failure are: fatigue with exertion, shortness of breath especially when lying down, and general fatigue. Heart failure can be treated in a variety of ways, depending upon the cause of the failure, including coronary bypass surgery, valve replacement surgery, or heart transplantation.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a group of diseases that includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthmatic bronchitis. The common characteristic of these diseases is obstruction to airflow out of the lungs, and the common symptom is shortness of breath. In the U.S., an estimated 90 percent of COPD is due to smoking. Treatment includes absolute avoidance of smoking, and bronchodilators and oxygen for those with advanced disease.
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Pulmonary |
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Pneumonia
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is also called viral pneumonia, community-acquired pneumonia, or simple pneumonia. It is caused by one of several viruses including varicella (chickenpox), influenza, and adenovirus.
Pneumonia is not a single disease, but the name for several types of lung inflammation caused by infectious organisms. Pneumonia is the sixth most common cause of death in the U.S., primarily because it is a common complication of any serious illness. It is more common in males, during infancy and old age, and in those who have reduced immunity to infection. The symptoms, treatment, and outcome vary greatly, depending on the cause and on the general health of the patient.
Symptoms may include fever, headache, chills, weakness, chest pain, and a cough that produces sputum and occasionally blood. Potential complications include pleural effusion (fluid around the lung), empyema (pus in the pleural cavity), and, rarely, an abscess in the lung.
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Diabetic Acidosis and Coma
Diabetic Acidosis and Coma
Diabetes refers to any of several disorders where a lack of insulin leads to the uncontrolled metabolism of carbohydrates. Diabetic acidosis is a complication of diabetes caused by the buildup of by-products of fat metabolism, which occurs when glucose is not available as a fuel source for the body. When glucose is not available, body fat is broken down instead. The by-products of fat metabolism are ketones. When fat is metabolized, ketones build up in the blood and "spill" over into the urine. A condition called ketoacidosis (or acidosis) develops when the blood becomes more acidic than body tissues. Severe diabetic acidosis can result in decreased consciousness (or coma).
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Gastrointestinal Bleed
Gastrointestinal Bleed
Gastrointestinal bleed refers to bleeding that occurs along the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, intestines, rectum, and anus. It is a symptom of a disease rather than a disease itself. The cause may not be serious, but locating the source of bleeding is important. Most causes of bleeding are related to conditions that can be cured or controlled, such as ulcers or hemorrhoids.
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Respiratory Failure
Respiratory Failure
Respiratory failure occurs when the body is not providing enough oxygen to the cells and is not removing excess carbon dioxide from the cells. Failure may be acute or chronic. Some causes are asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, radiation sickness, and leukemia.
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Sepsis
Sepsis
Sepsis is a toxic condition caused by the presence of microorganisms or their poisonous products in the bloodstream. Pulse and respiration usually rise, accompanied by headache, pains, malaise, loss of appetite, concentrated and diminished urine, constipation, restlessness, insomnia, and irritability.
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